# 24.10.16 earth science: plate tectonics

<div id="bkmrk-la-ni%C3%B1a%3A%C2%A0unavailable"><div>La Niña: </div><div></div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-1"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-2"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file c042bef5-1395-4a3a-b3aa-5ea1977be21f.

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Why a trench and mountains there?<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-3"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-4"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-5"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 31e826d4-f632-4ce4-8bff-59187a69ccf1.

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What is a subduction zone?<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-6"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-7"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-8"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file dd573bd2-8260-4ac9-852d-0b50995fa296.

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</div>How does it move? Convection (remember the three heat modes?)  
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Where does the heat come from?<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-12"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-13"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-14"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file f9463eba-39f1-4a0d-990d-9a3d5b2d32ca.

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Why is it still hot? (Ussher said 4000 years old)</div><div id="bkmrk-uranium%21">Uranium!</div><div id="bkmrk-where-does-the-urani">Where does the Uranium come from?</div><div id="bkmrk-two-steps%3A-hydrogen-">Two steps: Hydrogen fusion--&gt; Iron (red giants)</div><div id="bkmrk-supernova--%3Eall-elem">Supernova--&gt;all elements beyond Iron, including Uranium  
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What makes stars hot? Hydrogen Fusion:</div><div id="bkmrk-helium-means-%22from-t">Helium means "from the sun"</div><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-18"><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-19"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-20"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-21"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file f24727b2-3572-44c7-954b-82221403da58.

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Which ones are formed in first generation stars?<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-22"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-23"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-24"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file da8892a2-9d4d-4247-8377-14b56b699ccf.

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Anything after that on the periodic table comes from a supernova:<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-25"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-26"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-27"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file bc839d4c-2b66-4de2-8a34-f1dd35cbae07.

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Uranium is one of these from a supernove, so our planet is being heated from the inside by stuff from a supernova!</div><div id="bkmrk-so-the-core-is-radio">  
So the core is radioactive? Yes.</div><div id="bkmrk-what-makes-it-hot%3F">What makes it hot?</div><div id="bkmrk-uranium-fission-%28dif">Uranium Fission (different from fusion, this is splitting something heavy)</div><div id="bkmrk-how-do-we-know-what-"><div>How do we know what the core looks like?  
Nuclear bomb testing: what?</div><div>1950's we wanted to know who was testing nuclear weapons, which when tested, make small earthquakes</div><div>We (the US) put seismic sensors all over the world to be able to triangulate these tests and determine location and magnitude.</div><div>You need to know: there are two types of waves: P waves (fast, compression) and S waves (slow, shear waves)  
  
</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-28"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-29"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-30"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 784925c2-0acc-4cab-b74c-9e07129b0be7.

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<div>Here's what they look like: two types of earthquake waves: P (primary, compression) and S (secondary, shear):</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-31"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-32"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-33"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file ae122dab-2212-4a2a-9a27-c6ebd938e992.

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>P waves can travel through solids and liquids (e.g. magma), S waves can only travel through solids</div><div id="bkmrk-see-how-they-learned">See how they learned about the core?</div><div id="bkmrk-it-is-crazier-than-t">It is crazier than this: we now know what the inner solid core actually LOOKS like. Wow.  
  
How do we know the plates move?</div><div id="bkmrk-started-with-navy-sh">Started with Navy ships trying to detect submarines by their magnetic field.</div><div id="bkmrk-what-they-saw-when-t">What they saw when they crossed the Atlantic:  
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What are hotspots then?  
Here's the whole picture:<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-37"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-38"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-39"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 38c98629-3d97-43cf-862d-93e9efe10fad.

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Have they always moved in the same direction? No:<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-40"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-41"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-42"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file a52976f4-d729-4b04-a4a5-cd5e5a4297ac.

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How did Wegener's idea get proven? Fossils ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVMLaR4GC-w](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVMLaR4GC-w))<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-43"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-44"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-45"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file b50324c4-e9a3-4eb0-8326-438966fe9fb2.

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Super continent was called "Pangea" meaning "all-earth"<div>  
Andesitic (sticky magma) volcanoes form where plates go under continents:</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-46"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-47"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-48"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file d2a138b0-e364-4a67-ac2c-b5477e6aa6f0.

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Where are these on the planet?</div><div>Look for the red zones, meaning subduction</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-49"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-50"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-51"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 1596a6fa-ae4b-4ec4-b666-aa125564894d.

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>Draw these on your globe...  
  
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- Andesitic volcanoes have sticky magma, and can explode when they get stopped up (Vesuvius, Mt. St. Helens, Krakatoa)
- Also called strato volcanoes because they are so tall.

</div><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-52"><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-53"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-54"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-55"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file fbdf9043-70b4-4684-a32a-5f6072b40be0.

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<div>Basaltic Volcanoes have runny magma:</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-56"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-57"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-58"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file b15cdfa2-bec2-4a13-a0b7-5416bbc20b6a.

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How does this impact wine?   
Agriculture = soils + water + temp  (temperate biomes anyone?)  
  
As plates move past each other, they create fault lines (cracks)  
Three types: slip faults and transform faults (normal or thrusting)</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-59"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-60"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-61"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 56d358e5-45ad-41e3-9f3c-259a9bf87f81.

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Transform faults caused the San Andreas quake <div>  
</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-62"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-63"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-64"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 2b3f7dc6-e157-4813-8361-eb11c1abd135.

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<div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-65"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-66"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-67"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file e8acad8a-75be-4616-83e3-0ff3a16cd657.

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>Thrust faults caused the Bali quake and tsunami: (look this up on youtube)</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-68"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-69"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-70"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 98889bdd-01e0-44e7-a029-37cd87996365.

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Back to earthquakes:<div>P and S waves:</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-71"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-72"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-73"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file eeb76c65-bccf-4c43-a01d-090db05b2094.

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<div>P waves are faster than S waves:</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-74"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-75"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-76"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file ca82e1e9-ec84-410c-aa8d-63326990d1a7.

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<div>We can use this difference to calculate epicenter (surface location) and hypocenter (actual center):  
  
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</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>AP exam question:<div>

- How much stronger is a magnitude 7 quake than a magnitude 6?
- 7 to 5?
- 7 to 4?

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Nuuanu slide: Look up on Wikipedia, how big was the tsunami?</div><div class="sandbox" id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-83"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-84"><div id="bkmrk-unavailable-apple-wi-85"><div><div class="container"><div class="frontside"><div class="iframe">**Unavailable Apple Wiki media:** the exported data did not include file 6e74d04b-97da-4be8-87ae-157351f17d76.

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>Please watch: [https://elab.hpa.edu/apes/videos/bozeman\_science/Geology.mp4](https://elab.hpa.edu/apes/videos/bozeman_science/Geology.mp4)</div>From our work on biomes, and next our work on plate tectonics, map the following on your globes:

1. look up where wine is grown on our planet
2. agriculture is based on what plants need and like: sunlight, temperature, water and soil
3. wine grows best in soils that are volcanic in origin (Andesitic)
4. wine also needs temperate zones and enough water
5. explore where these things intersect
6. challenge question: If you wanted to grow grapes for wine, knowing that climate change will move all biomes away from the equator, where would you buy land today?

  
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<small>Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: y3c7U0u</small>