# 24.11.07 Bio: trophic levels, competition The Bio modules: - mod 6 Net Primary Productivity - mod 7 trophic levels - mod 1 competition - - mod 8 biodiversity-M&Ms - mod 9 ecosystem services - mod 10 biogeography - - mod 11 ecological tolerance - mod 12 disruptions - mod 13 adaptation - mod 14 ecological succession - - mod 15 population dynamics r, K - mod 16 carrying capacity-lynx-hare - mod 17 age distribution - mod 18 human population Net Primary Productivity: The rate of turning solar energy into organic materials From last week: photosynthesis (water, CO2 based) or chemosynthesis (sulfur based) turn energy into organic compounds (light+water->sugar) - Autotrophs= auto (self) troph (food) - also known as Producers in the food chain - GPP: gross primary productivity = all energy into all food - NPP: net primary productivity = gross - energy of respiration - Net is usually only 25-50% of gross (not much) - Fun fact: your body is only about 33% efficient, the rest goes to heat - Same with your gas powered car...
Plants are not very efficient users of solar energy:
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If this were a business, they would charge 20$ for a shirt, that cost them $12, so they only make $8 per shirt. Not good business. This is most efficient where there is lots of solar radiation, biomass and water: Look for the richest and the poorest in each ecosystem:
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Net vs. Gross is easy to understand: - If your business takes in money, this is your gross income, say 100$ - If your materials cost 20$, then your net income would be 80$
Ecosystem services: terms
- Ecosystem services: processes by which clean water, timber, fisheries and ag crops are produced - Provisions: goods humans can use: timber, food crops, plants - Support systems: pollinators (bees), water filtration (soils) - Cultural services: aesthetics (John Muir, Ansel Adams) - Monetary value: lumber, fishing, tourism, ecotourism
Island Biogeography: an intro to evolution by location and geography  Island (physically separate) bio=life, geography=mapping the earth Important: Size of islands determines number of species on an island: bigger island=more species
Species-area curve: what this means: larger islands have more species
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Dependent on several factors: - colonization: how many new species can make it to the island, e.g. is it far from the mainland like Hawaii? - extinction: how many species die out, and how fast, from what (disasters, humans) - distance from each other: greater separation=fewer species (think of birds migrating across our island chain)
Invasive species are usually generalists, so pose a greater threat to island species (specialists)
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