Solid waste 4.50

4.50: Solid wasteSolid waste: produced by humans, non-toxic, results of civilization
Bozeman science:Full listing:https://elab.local/apes/videos/bozeman_science/
Solid waste:http://www.bozemanscience.com/ap-es-031-solid-waste
Primitive societies had no solid waste: they used everything, or it degraded naturally (dispersed, not concentrated)
The "disposable society" meant buying instead of repairing: post WWII (affluence)
MSW: Municipal (e.g. city) Solid Waste, 60% residential, 40% commercial
Solid waste per capita (per head) 2 kg/person per day in US, 
In lesser developed countries (LDC) the number is 0.5 kg/person per day
why?
Definition of waste stream: everything-landfill, recycling etc.
Electronic waste "ewaste": new problem: heavy metals, don't degrade, toxic, growing with IPAT
MSW destinations:
Landfills: used to be piled up on surface, then dug into ground, leachate (liquid) flowed into water table, gases (methane, CH4) into atmosphereSanitary landfill: liner catches leachate, surface is covered and methane captured for use as fuel
"Tipping" fee: very high in Hawaii (limited space), even higher on other islands (San Juan Is. = $6 per bag)
Another option: incineration-can be for energy (H-power on Oahu) or others
Japan uses plasma incineration for medical waste: completely ionizes viruses
Fly ash is toxic, banned for use in EU (heavy metals)
Ocean dumping was common, now largely illegal (still done though)Hazardous waste: different category: toxic and hazardous are too general
Toxic hazardous waste: e.g. fly ash, heavy metals
Flammable hazardous waste: burns
Reactive hazardous waste: chemically active, e.g. oxidizers
Radioactive hazardous waste: just like it soundsSuperfund: created in 1980, as CERCLAComprehensive  Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Comprehensive: covers everyone
Environmental: like is sounds
Response: they respond to environmental situations
Compensation: they pay victims
Liability: they go after the pollutersSuperfund example: Love canalHooker chemical, toxic waste, cancer in kids
Superfund is paid for by tax on chemical and other factories
Another law: RCRA: resource conservation and recovery actRCRA tracks solid waste, "cradle to grave" responsibility
Brownfields: behind the elab is an example, so is the train yard in Portland (e2: sense of place)Contaminated industrial or commercial sites
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