Independent Science Research
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FCC radio exam notes
FCC license prep
EMCOMM = emergency communications
EMCOMM-What if…
There is a strong earthquake.
First, you try to call home or your friends.
They are all trying to reach you, to see if you are ok, “how strong was it?”
Nothing works…
Why?In any emergency, cel phone companies may have generators that keep the system running for a while, but they are usually overloaded within seconds of any event.
Same for the internet, which may fail as well.
So... 
Radios are the best alternate way for you to communicate with others.
With whom?
Emergency folks to help you out: “my house is damaged, I need help”
You can help emergency folks out: “my neighbor’s house is damaged, they need help”
If things get really serious, and all communications are out, you could use your radio skills to talk with people all around the world, to relay information (“we are safe”) or to ask for help (“send water and food”)
At HPA, if you are licensed, you can help our emergency folks protect and help your classmates, those in your community, or to let your family and friends know you are ok (or not).
Getting a radio license has two requirements:
You have to have a basic understanding of how radios work, how to set them up, and how to keep them running.
You have to be able to follow agreed upon rules in radio communications, regulated in our country by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), which also coordinates with the ITU, (international telecommunications union)
Why do I have to do these?
The first enables you to communicate
The second ensures that you and others follow rules, to prevent chaos
Some radio basics to get started with the first one:
Frequencies: 
Line of sight: VHF and UHF (like wifi), short distances, LOS, small antennas and radios
Longer range: HF (special case: NVIS), longer antennas, more powerful radios
Part I: Radio basics:
All radio uses electromagnetic radiation
electro = electric field
magnetic = magnetic field
Light, X-rays, wifi, UHF, VHF, HF
Electric field+magnetic field
So…
Anything that blocks or reflects E or B (magnetic) waves will reflect or block radio waves
(water, metal, charged particles)
Wavelength:
Velocity = frequency x wavelength
this formula works for ALL waves (sound, earthquakes, radio)
For light, X-rays, wifi and all radio:
Velocity = 3 ee 8 m/s
So?
If you want to create an antenna to resonate with any type of radiation, you match the wavelength of the signals to the length of the antenna
Example: 7 mHz is the 40 meter radio band. (megahertz means millions of cycles per second)
3 ee^8/7 ee^6 = 42.8 meters
Antennas:
Antennas are the key to all radio work:
Most antennas are in the form of two parts: a dipole
Think of a battery, one side is plus, one minus
In an antenna, this switches back and forth at the frequency of the radio
Essential electrical parts:
Battery: chemical source of electrical flow, plus goes to minus, measured in Volts
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.42.12 AM.png
Resistor: converts electrical current into heat, like a toaster, measured in Ohms
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.43.01 AM.png
Capacitor: stores electrical flow as electrical charges, measured in Farads
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.39.00 AM.png
Inductor/coil: stores electrical flow as magnetic fields, measured in Henrys
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.43.47 AM.png
Switch: opens or closes a circuit, denoted by size, and polarity, like DPST (double pole, single throw)
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.44.26 AM.png
Basic series circuit:
Battery-switch-resistor
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.45.28 AM.png
Voltage = current x resistance
Volts = Amps x Ohms
this is Ohm’s law
This circuit also creates heat, using a different formula:
Power = current^2 x resistance
Watts = Amps^2 x Ohms
this is Joule’s law
why? 1 Joule every second is one Watt
1 J/s = 1 W
Parallel circuits provide more than one path for current to flow.
Since flow can be divided, we have to invert Ohm’s law:
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
This comes from a really simple rule:
R = pL/A if you are interested
L is length
A is area
p is rho, the smoothness of the conductor
Why should you care?
This is why the wires connecting your car battery are so thick (larger area, A)
Also why power lines waste energy getting hot (long length, l)
---------------------
Basic battery and resistor circuits are fun, but radio is all about frequency.
Recall: Velocity = frequency x wavelength
Time is really important here, since period = 1/f
Capacitors store energy as an electric field
Inductors (coils) store energy as a magnetic field
Since radio is electromagnetic field:
Capacitors in parallel with Inductors resonate at only one frequency, trading electrical field energy and magnetic field energy
We use them to tune radios…
A “Tank” circuit is how we describe this, and it is the most simple radio:
antenna.png
It is called a “tank” since it resembles a filled bathtub with water sloshing back and forth.
The water at the edges is the C part, the rushing water is the L part, back and forth…
You’ll notice the funny arrow with line thingy:
this is a diode, which functions like a heart valve:
current can only flow in the direction of the arrow, not backwards
Here’s why this is useful for AM radio:
AM radio is where we take voice waves and add them to a “carrier” wave, which then rises and falls with the waves of the voice.
If we only allow one direction to flow, we essentially take away the carrier, and the speaker will sound like the voice.
AM radio means Amplitude Modulation
FM radio is where we don’t mess with the amplitude, we use the voice to change the frequency of the carrier wave, so this is called "Frequency Modulation" or FM for short
An FM radio would look for the carrier, then subtract it from the radio signal, resulting in the voice information.
Who cares?
Noise can be seen as changes in amplitude, so AM is noisy
FM radio is therefore very quiet (think of your car radio)
Radio types:
HF, SSB: long range, larger antennas, lots of power, a version of AM radio
VHF/UHF: FM line of sight (you have to see each other)
simplex vs. duplex (radio to radio or radio-repeater-radio)
digital: HF, FM, DMR (radios + computers)
These are usually divided into distance needed to communicate:
HF can be around the planet, or bounced off of the atmosphere
VHF/UHF are generally line of sight
Part II: The Rules part:
As mentioned above, there are really two kinds of radio you could use in an emergency: 
VHF/UHF is short range, line of sight radio with small antennas and very high frequencies (see how frequency and wavelength determine antenna length?)
HF is longer range, from hundreds of miles to around the planet, with longer antennas, higher power and bigger radios
FCC licenses are based on the range you could transmit, with the lowest level limited to VHF/UHF and the more advanced enabling longer range work, on more bands, with greater flexibility.
Why?
As you have the ability to impact more people, with great power comes great responsibility (credit to Spiderman).
There are three licenses that fit this idea:
Technician class
General class
Advanced or Extra class
The test you would take for each one has increased technical skill required, but also more awareness of the rules.
Why?
If you are getting your driver’s license, you first have to be trained to NOT do things, like crossing double lines, hitting pedestrians and stopping for trains and school buses.
The FCC licenses administered by the ARRL (amateur radio relay league) follow similar requirements.
Technician class enables you to transmit short range, using VHF/UHF and some parts of the HF frequencies.
Recall: HF is longer range, with larger antennas, so lower frequencies.
Below is a colorful band chart, with T representing the technician licensed bands:
Download Band Chart.pdf (application/pdf, 187.5 KB)
Notice that the T bands are mostly to the right, the higher frequencies, with smaller hand held transmitters (HT) with small antennas and low power, from 5W-75W.
As you move up the license scheme, you are allowed more access, with more power, up to the maximum called the “legal limit” of 1500W, which is enough to reach anywhere on the planet, even bouncing radio waves off of the moon.
You can also get a nasty shock from antennas and equipment producing this much power, which we will cover in the safety part.
What’s also cool about this, is as you get more advanced licenses, you can talk with people who are more skilled and savvy about radios and communications.
For Emergency communications (EMCOMM) we usually need folks to communicate line of sight, or at the very most a few hundred miles, so the Technician license is enough for this basic purpose.
As folks get more into emergency response, they get certified with more advanced licenses, as well as special training for emergencies, like CERT (community emergency response teams).
If you see a disaster in the news, and see folks with special bright vests, these are often CERT members with special training to assist emergency personnel.
This could be you...
More about rules:
Every licensed operator has a call sign, like a phone number, that is shared with nobody on the planet.
Each country has certain designations, as do certain parts of each country, so VK may be one country, while KH may be another.
Here’s an example:
In the US, East of the Mississippi river, all radio and TV stations start with W
West of the Mississippi, they start with K.
In amateur radio, we followed a similar rule, until we ran out of letters and numbers, so we got creative:
WA6XY might be someone from the east coast.
KA6XYX might be someone from the west coast
AH6XY could be anywhere in the US
KH6HPA is a club station at HPA
KH6BI is the license for someone in Hawaii (me)
Notice how Hawaii folks have an H in their call sign, and notice that all callsigns start with a letter, a number, then more letters.
(fun fact: if you get an advanced license, you get to pick a two-letter callsign, sort of a badge of status)
You may notice that every commercial radio station has to announce their callsign every hour.
In amateur radio, you have to do this every 10 minutes, so others know who you are.
QRZ, QST, QRM…
Since radio was based on Morse code (invented by a guy named Morse), short abbreviations were created, like these:
Download Comm w Other Hams-Q Signals.pdf (application/pdf, 42.9 KB)
You’ll also notice the phonetic alphabet on the right.
This is internationally used, so that there is less confusion about letters, to KH6HPA would be 
"Kilo hotel six, hotel papa alpha"
Sounds cool, right?
When you get your license, you’ll learn to repeat it in your sleep.
Some amateurs or “hams” get creative where they really should not, so you might hear some guy AH6BY call himself “Alpha hotel six babbling yankee”
This is a guy named Al who lives in Puna, part of our emergency network or “net” in Hawaii.
The term “ham” comes from Morse code days as well, since someone who send code poorly was “ham-fisted”
Hams have all sorts of slang terms for each other, like “lid” for a poor operator, “73” for goodbye, “XYL” for wife and “OM” for husband or “old man”.
CQ is the international call sign for seeking contact, just like “mayday” is the international call for help (comes from the French: M’aider or “help me”)
If you hear CQ DX this means calling all operators far away (DX means distance, just like WX means weather).
Radio operators aren’t just lazy, they come from a tradition where economy of communications was critical.
This is important in EMCOMM since you can’t just babble on in an emergency, you have to know the lingo, what needs to be said, to whom and how best to be clear.
You may also hear the term CW, which stands for continuous wave, or a fancy term for Morse code.
This used to be a requirement for the FCC license but it has since moved into a specialty realm with some hams getting deep into contests where they reach as many CW operators as they can.
More about rules can be found here:
https://fasttrackham.com
https://www.arrl.org/getting-your-technician-license
Part III Safety stuff:Radios are electrical devices, usually operating on the same voltage as your car, e.g. 12 Volts.The difference between your car and a radio transmitter, is a transmitter is designed to convert this Direct Current (DC) battery power into electromagnetic radiation.Most of the time, this is done with powerful transistors, which produce lots of heat, just like a huge stereo amplifier might in your room or car.The other main difference is this electromagnetic radiation has to, well RADIATE, which means it has to go from the guts of your radio to the atmosphere by way of the antenna.Most of the time, your radio will be of such low power that there is no danger to you of operating it, but there are two ways you could be in danger:
You touch the antenna when you are transmitting. This would be hard, unless you are working with others and they operate the transmitter when you are touching the antenna or cables connecting your radio to the antenna (called feedlines or coax, depending on the type).
Your antenna touches something electrified, which could be a power line, or in rare cases, gets struck by lightning. While these are rare, you should always keep in mind that all antennas are made of conducting wire, so anything it touches while you are touching it could go through you to get to the ground. Since antennas can be long and exposed, be careful when around power lines, working on antennas, or during lighting storms.The other safety issue to be aware of is inside your radio operating place (often called a "shack" because they are often located in a shack), and that would be direct shock from either power supplies in your shack or high powered amplifiers that may be running on power from your house. In some cases, larger amplifiers can produce thousands of volts, and are full of warnings and safety measures to keep you from dying this way.
One other danger is capacitors, which store electricity as electric charges. These can remain charged for some time (hours even), so be careful when working on radios or power supplies, and make sure to "ground" these little demons so they don't give you a shock. To illustrate this, capacitors are used for tasers, so you get the idea.Here's what they look like, usually with a + sign on one end:
Screenshot 2022-11-08 at 7.39.00 AM.png
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Raspberry Pi setup
ISR Raspberry Pi setup
ISR Raspberry Pi setup
Your goal today is to setup a complete Raspberry Pi (rPI) computer including cloning the SD card, powering the unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor.
You might find these references handy, depending on your interest level:
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/MasterRaspberryPi-2021.pdf
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi-9781449344214.pdf
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/official_raspberry_pi_beginners_guide.pdf
These are all in a directory with many, many things here:
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/
Steps:
setup power, keyboard, mouse, video adapter, HDMI monitor (monitors are in the workshop)
clone SD card with the latest raspian operating system (an rPi version of Debian LInux, developed by a guy named Ian, married to Deborah: Deb-Ian)
there is an SD card writer on the acoustics laptop, use the Balena etcher program to clone the raspian 64 bit image
pick an rPi unit, either the 400 (red) ones or one of the rPi4 units (smaller)
startup your rPi, go through setup screens
leave network as wireless, elab2, the usual password
keep the username as pi, and the login password to papaya77
Once your Pi is setup, customize the screens, and make sure you can find the terminal app. 
Enable SSH: 
enable ssh using the terminal command: type sudo raspi-config in the terminal window
go to interfacing options, select ssh and enable
please also name your rPi in the hostname field with your first name
Finding your IP address, ping command:
using terminal, type sudo ifconfig, or if that does not work, sudo ip addr show
write your IP address on the board, along with your name (email this to me as well)
using terminal, type ping, then one of the other addresses on the board, record this value
using terminal, type ping 10.14.1.4, one of our elab routers, record this
now ping something outside our elab, any address will do, like www.apple.com or other
leave your rPi powered up when you leave, I'll check on your settings remotely
Navigation: (see also the references listed above)
type pwd in the terminal
this shows the "present working directory", which you can think of like looking around once you get out of an elevator, it shows you what level you are on (also known as "print working directory")
type ls,  for "list" which will show you what rooms are on this floor
to go up one directory, type cd ..
you can also type cd then the name of a directory to browse, like cd /Desktop
find the app called File Manager, open it
navigate using this app, as well as the terminal until you can use both to go up and down through directories (floors) and look around (ls command)
the terminal is what is called the "command line" and what you have been using is called the CLI or "command line interface"
CLI gives you super powers, including the ability to control other computers at a distance (great for evil folks, also for system administrators)
Secure Shell:
secure shell (ssh) is a command that lets you enter another computer, once this access is enabled (you did so above)
you are ONLY to use ssh on the rPi units in our classroom, any other use can get you booted out of HPA (yes, this has happened)
using ssh, find one of the IP addresses on the board
ASK the person running that rPi if you can ssh into their computer, don't ssh until you have confirmation this is ok
in the terminal, enter the command ssh pi@10.14.253.x  where x is the last number in their address
enter your password
you are now "inside" their computer
browse around using the CLI, it should be structured like yours
try using the ping command to ping your own computer from theirs
try pinging other computers from their computer (hackers use this to cover their tracks)
a "ping flood attack" is one version of a denial of service, where you ping repeatedly, effectively disabling their computer, this is disabled in raspian by default, please do not try using this for now.
Text files: nano, more or less
using your super CLI powers, use terminal to navigate on your rPi to the Desktop
type pwd to make sure you are on the Desktop
type sudo nano test in the terminal window
a text editor will show up, type some wise words
type control-o (this is holding the control key while typing the o), save the file
ctrl-x to exit
look on your desktop, you should see a file there, if not, try again
in the command line, navigate to the Desktop again, pwd and ls to find the test file you created
type less test
the content of your file should show up
ctrl-z to exit, or ctrl-c to cancel
try also with more test
try reading the test file on another persons computer using ssh (always ask first)
now try creating a (clean) file on another computer, using ssh
ask them to read your file
Updating the rPi:
you will often be installing programs (free), and updating is part of the process
in the terminal, type sudo apt-get update -y
this should update your rPi and may take a bit of time, be patient
you can also upgrade your rPi using sudo apt-get upgrade -y
Installing programs:
install the hardinfo program using sudo apt-get install hardinfo -y
we put the -y at the end to say "yes" to any question
open the program using the terminal, type hardinfo
close the program using ctrl-c, or just close the terminal window
open the program from the applications menu (upper left) and see if it looks the same
try installing wavemon and test it out
Status commands: top, ps, who, last, history
try the following commands:
top is the top processes
ps is the process list
who tells you who is currently logged in (it should be you, if not, someone is invading)
last is the list of the last login (again, this should be you, if not, you may have been hacked)
history is a list of the commands you have entered (very handy for recording your work)
Looking things up: DNS 
use the nslookup command to lookup the IP address of a host (like www.apple.com)
try asking different servers for their record using the command server 8.8.8.8 once you are in the nslookup window
type exit to escape
use this tool to diagnose broken network settings
Tracing the internet: traceroute
try the traceroute command: traceroute www.apple.com
repeat with other sites, both named and using IP addresses 
Directory ninja tricks: Hidden files
go to a directory of your choice on the terminal
type ls and look at the list of files
now type ls -la and see what else shows up
any file with a . in front is invisible
you can create invisible files this way, or modify hidden files (like license files)
try again using ls -lha  this is the human readable version
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Raspberry Pi modules
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SDR setup
We have a direct set of web based SDRs here:
http://sdr.kamuela.org:8073/#freq=7088000,mod=lsb,sql=-150
http://sdrhpa.kamuela.org:8073/#freq=3888000,mod=lsb,sql=-150
SDRdx software is here:
https://fyngyrz.com/
The mac version of the app is here:  beta.zip
Install the software, then open SDRdx app:
Screenshot 2023-09-27 at 5.41.10 PM.png
This is a very complex page, here are the parts you need to focus on:
At the bottom, find the NET button, open it:
Screenshot 2023-09-27 at 5.42.11 PM.png
Enter the IP address of the server if you have it, otherwise you can click on "find SDRs"You can try running it just like that, by hitting the RUN button.If it makes noise, try hitting the AR> button, which will run through the ham radio frequencies, you may see stuff on the waterfall.You can also play with the BC> buttons, which will scan through broadcast frequencies (shortwave radio stations)If you don't hear sound, hit RUN again to stop, then go to SND and make sure the sound is set correctly, you may have to restart the app.To make the system more sensitive, you can play with the "Max 30dB" button, which will change the sensitivity.Some cool things to play with on this area:
Screenshot 2023-09-27 at 5.47.30 PM.png
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rPi checklist
ISR rpi checklist
Make sure you can do the following:
clone sd card from image using balena etcher
setup monitor, power and rPI400 (pink units)
connect to elab2 wifi network
determine IP address using ifconfig
name computer using raspi-config
verify hostname with hostname command
enable ssh using raspi-config
test ping to another IP address, not local
test ping to another IP address, local
test ssh to another computer with permission
Next:
use the pwd command to see your current path and directory
use the ls command to list where you are
use the cd command to change directory
verify using the File Manager app
create a file using sudo nano
save and verify the file
ssh into another computer to see the file
install a program like wavemon using the sudo apt-get install command
test the program
update your pi using sudo update -y
run a speedtest
show history
show last user
show hardware info: lshw and hardinfo
use nslookup to test the dns servers locally
test remote dns servers
test network with traceroute
find hidden files with ls -lha
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rPi setup part 2
ISR Raspberry Pi setup
ISR Raspberry Pi setup
Your goal today is to setup a complete Raspberry Pi (rPI) computer including cloning the SD card, powering the unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor.
You might find these references handy, depending on your interest level:
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/MasterRaspberryPi-2021.pdf
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi-9781449344214.pdf
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/official_raspberry_pi_beginners_guide.pdf
These are all in a directory with many, many things here:
https://elab.hpa.edu/isr/pdf/
Steps:
setup power, keyboard, mouse, video adapter, HDMI monitor (monitors are in the workshop)
clone SD card with the latest raspian operating system (an rPi version of Debian LInux, developed by a guy named Ian, married to Deborah: Deb-Ian)
there is an SD card writer on the acoustics laptop, use the Balena etcher program to clone the raspian 64 bit image
pick an rPi unit, either the 400 (red) ones or one of the rPi4 units (smaller)
startup your rPi, go through setup screens
leave network as wireless, elab2, the usual password
keep the username as pi, and the login password to papaya77
Once your Pi is setup, customize the screens, and make sure you can find the terminal app. 
Enable SSH: 
enable ssh using the terminal command: type sudo raspi-config in the terminal window
go to interfacing options, select ssh and enable
please also name your rPi in the hostname field with your first name
check the hostname with sudo hostname -l
Finding your IP address, ping command:
using terminal, type sudo ifconfig, or if that does not work, sudo ip addr show
write your IP address on the board, along with your name (email this to me as well)
using terminal, type ping, then one of the other addresses on the board, record this value
using terminal, type ping 10.14.1.4, one of our elab routers, record this
now ping something outside our elab, any address will do, like www.apple.com or other
leave your rPi powered up when you leave, I'll check on your settings remotely
Navigation: (see also the references listed above)
type pwd in the terminal
this shows the "present working directory", which you can think of like looking around once you get out of an elevator, it shows you what level you are on (also known as "print working directory")
type ls,  for "list" which will show you what rooms are on this floor
to go up one directory, type cd ..
you can also type cd then the name of a directory to browse, like cd /Desktop
find the app called File Manager, open it
navigate using this app, as well as the terminal until you can use both to go up and down through directories (floors) and look around (ls command)
the terminal is what is called the "command line" and what you have been using is called the CLI or "command line interface"
CLI gives you super powers, including the ability to control other computers at a distance (great for evil folks, also for system administrators)
Secure Shell:
secure shell (ssh) is a command that lets you enter another computer, once this access is enabled (you did so above)
you are ONLY to use ssh on the rPi units in our classroom, any other use can get you booted out of HPA (yes, this has happened)
using ssh, find one of the IP addresses on the board
ASK the person running that rPi if you can ssh into their computer, don't ssh until you have confirmation this is ok
in the terminal, enter the command ssh pi@10.14.253.x  where x is the last number in their address
enter your password
you are now "inside" their computer
browse around using the CLI, it should be structured like yours
try using the ping command to ping your own computer from theirs
try pinging other computers from their computer (hackers use this to cover their tracks)
a "ping flood attack" is one version of a denial of service, where you ping repeatedly, effectively disabling their computer, this is disabled in raspian by default, please do not try using this for now.
Text files: nano, more or less
using your super CLI powers, use terminal to navigate on your rPi to the Desktop
type pwd to make sure you are on the Desktop
type sudo nano test in the terminal window
a text editor will show up, type some wise words
type control-o (this is holding the control key while typing the o), save the file
ctrl-x to exit
look on your desktop, you should see a file there, if not, try again
in the command line, navigate to the Desktop again, pwd and ls to find the test file you created
type less test
the content of your file should show up
ctrl-z to exit, or ctrl-c to cancel
try also with more test
try reading the test file on another persons computer using ssh (always ask first)
now try creating a (clean) file on another computer, using ssh
ask them to read your file
Updating the rPi:
you will often be installing programs (free), and updating is part of the process
in the terminal, type sudo apt-get update -y
this should update your rPi and may take a bit of time, be patient
you can also upgrade your rPi using sudo apt-get upgrade -y
Installing programs:
install the hardinfo program using sudo apt-get install hardinfo -y
we put the -y at the end to say "yes" to any question
open the program using the terminal, type hardinfo
close the program using ctrl-c, or just close the terminal window
open the program from the applications menu (upper left) and see if it looks the same
try installing wavemon and test it out
Status commands: top, ps, who, last, history, lshw, speedtest-cli
try the following commands:
top is the top processes
ps is the process list
who tells you who is currently logged in (it should be you, if not, someone is invading)
last is the list of the last login (again, this should be you, if not, you may have been hacked)
history is a list of the commands you have entered (very handy for recording your work)
lshw is an inventory of your computer
speedtest-cli tests your internet speed
Looking things up: DNS 
use the nslookup command to lookup the IP address of a host (like www.apple.com)
try asking different servers for their record using the command server 8.8.8.8 once you are in the nslookup window
type exit to escape
use this tool to diagnose broken network settings
Tracing the internet: traceroute
try the traceroute command: traceroute www.apple.com
repeat with other sites, both named and using IP addresses 
Directory ninja tricks: Hidden files
go to a directory of your choice on the terminal
type ls and look at the list of files
now type ls -la and see what else shows up
any file with a . in front is invisible
you can create invisible files this way, or modify hidden files (like license files)
try again using ls -lha  this is the human readable version
Web server, permissions and html
install apache: sudo apt-get install apache2 -y
test with https://localhost
test with https://127.0.0.1
test with your IP address (use ifconfig or hostname -I)
navigate (CLI or file browser) to /var/www/html
look for the index.html file
use ls -lha to see the permissions
notice they are these:  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  11K Sep 30 07:38 index.html
three categories here: owner rwx, group rwx, everyone rwx
r means read, w means write, x means execute
as this stands, you can read anything here (like index.html) but not change anything
use sudo nano index.html to edit the html file, change a few words while watching the browser
confirm your change
create a new page in the html directory, with the suffix .html
tutorial here: https://www.w3schools.com/html/
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: u5e2T9J

ISR Raspian challenge
ISR Raspian challenge
Add the following challenge answers to your weblog:
what is debian named after?
what is raspian named after?
why is the raspberry pi named that way?
repeat the steps to clone an sd card
how can you enable ssh?
how do you find the hostname for your computer?
how do you find the internal IP address for your computer?
explain IP address, subnet mask, router and DNS, and how to set them up
what can ping tell you?
ping something local (on our network) and include the result
ping something outside HPA and record that result
use the history command to record moving up and down a directory, using pwd and ls to show where you are at each level
show the contents of your desktop, as seen by the cli
show the contents, including invisible files as seen by the cli
install a program of your choice, show your result
with permission, ssh into another computer, record the result
again, with permission, create an html document in their web directory
include a screenshot of this page as seen on your browser
demonstrate the use of top, ps, who, last, history, lshw and speedest-cli
use nslookup locally to find the IP address for elab.hpa.edu
use nslookup globally to find the IP address for elab.hpa.edu
demonstrate traceroute, locally and globally
I've hidden a file somewhere in your computer, related to minecraft, what is the answer?
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: z7X4q4

Web based data acquisition: power meter
Goal: to create a digital power meter
(Kelan Kennedy, c/o 2026)
Parts:
ControlByWeb DAQ module 0-5Vdc input (X-DAQ-8A5-I)
12Vdc power supply for CBW unit
short AC pigtail
Veris Hawkeye H922 current transformer, 0-5Vdc outputProcess:
cut a short splice into the pigtail, separate the white wire from the bundle
clip the CT around the white wire
wire the DC output from the CT to analog ground (-) and AN0 (+)
power the CBW unit
connect to the CBW unit using network 192.168.1.x/24
change the IP address as needed for standalone or your network
go to settings, and adjust the parameters to measure the CT
if the CT output is 0-5Vdc and the current setting is 30A, then 5Vdc = 30A
if 5 Vdc = 30A, the slope is 6 to get current
to get voltage, multiply by the voltage which is 120V, so 720 is the new slope
to get kW, change slope to 0.720
test with several AC loads, recalibrate as needed
try xml commands such as http://192.168.1.1/state.xmlNext: automation with X-320 unit
DAQ setup manual:
Download analog_users_manual.pdf (application/pdf, 2.9 MB)
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: e8K4u5

Research proposal format
Research proposal
Creating a research proposal involves outlining your planned research in a structured format. A research proposal generally includes several key sections that detail the research question, objectives, methodology, and significance of the study. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to create a research proposal:
1. Title Page
	•	Title: A concise and descriptive title of your research.
	•	Your Name: Include your full name and any relevant affiliations (e.g., your university or department).
	•	Date: The date you submit the proposal.
2. Abstract
	•	A brief summary of the research proposal, typically 150-250 words. It should include the research question, objectives, methodology, and potential significance.
3. Introduction
	•	Background: Provide context for your research by explaining the existing knowledge in the area. Highlight any gaps or issues that your research aims to address.
	•	Research Problem: Clearly state the research problem or question your study intends to solve.
	•	Objectives: List the specific aims of your research. These should be clear, concise, and achievable.
	•	Significance of the Study: Explain why your research is important. Discuss the potential contributions it could make to the field and society.
4. Literature Review
	•	A review of existing literature related to your research topic. Summarize key studies, identify trends, and highlight gaps that your research will address. This section demonstrates your understanding of the current state of knowledge in your area of interest.
5. Research Questions or Hypotheses
	•	Clearly state the research questions you aim to answer or the hypotheses you intend to test. These should be directly related to your research objectives.
6. Methodology
	•	Research Design: Describe the overall approach you’ll take (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods).
	•	Participants/Sample: Detail who or what will be the subject of your research, including how you will select them.
	•	Data Collection Methods: Explain how you will collect data (e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments, archival research).
	•	Data Analysis: Describe how you will analyze the data you collect. Mention any statistical methods or software you plan to use.
	•	Ethical Considerations: Discuss any ethical issues related to your research and how you will address them.
7. Timeline
	•	Provide a timeline that outlines the key phases of your research. Include deadlines for literature review, data collection, analysis, and writing.
8. Budget (if applicable)
	•	Detail any funding required for your research. Include costs for materials, travel, equipment, and other expenses. Justify each item in your budget.
9. Expected Results
	•	Discuss what you expect to find through your research. While you can’t predict the outcome, you can outline the potential implications of your study.
10. References
	•	Include a list of all the sources you cited in your proposal. Follow the citation style required by your field (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
11. Appendices (if applicable)
	•	Include any additional material that supports your proposal, such as questionnaires, consent forms, or detailed budget information.
Example Structure:
Title: “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance in College Students”
	1.	Abstract
	•	This study aims to examine the relationship between social media usage and academic performance among college students. By using a mixed-methods approach, the research will explore how different patterns of social media use correlate with academic outcomes.
	2.	Introduction
	•	Social media has become an integral part of students’ lives. While it offers benefits such as enhanced communication and access to information, concerns have arisen regarding its impact on academic performance. This study seeks to address this issue by investigating how social media usage patterns affect academic success.
	3.	Literature Review
	•	Previous research indicates both positive and negative effects of social media on students’ academic performance. However, the results are mixed, with some studies suggesting that social media can enhance learning, while others highlight its potential to distract students from their studies. This study will build on existing research by focusing on the specific context of college students.
	4.	Research Questions
	•	What is the relationship between the amount of time spent on social media and academic performance?
	•	How does the type of social media activity (e.g., content consumption vs. content creation) influence academic outcomes?
	5.	Methodology
	•	Design: A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews.
	•	Participants: 200 college students from diverse academic backgrounds.
	•	Data Collection: An online survey to quantify social media use and academic performance, followed by in-depth interviews with a subset of participants.
	•	Data Analysis: Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical methods, while qualitative data will be coded for themes.
	6.	Timeline
	•	Literature Review: September 2024
	•	Data Collection: October-November 2024
	•	Data Analysis: December 2024
	•	Writing: January 2025
	•	Submission: February 2025
	7.	Budget
	•	Survey Software: $200
	•	Participant Incentives: $500
	•	Total: $700
	8.	Expected Results
	•	It is hypothesized that higher social media usage will be negatively correlated with academic performance, particularly when the usage involves passive content consumption.
	9.	References
	•	Include a comprehensive list of sources used in the literature review and throughout the proposal.
	10.	Appendices
	•	Survey questionnaire
	•	Consent forms
Tips for a Successful Research Proposal:
	•	Clarity: Make sure each section is clear and concise. Avoid jargon and explain technical terms where necessary.
	•	Focus: Stay focused on your research question. Ensure that all sections relate to the central problem or question.
	•	Justification: Provide a strong rationale for your research. Explain why it matters and how it will contribute to your field.
	•	Feasibility: Ensure that your research plan is realistic in terms of scope, time, and resources.
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: z350J7p1

Project ideas: 2024-25
projects: 2023+
bus tag tracking
AI server
drones: IR, radio tracking
radio license
energy monitoring
biodiversity satellites
Project ideas:
Brain waves
Fabrication: 3D printing, CNC, laser cutting, design
Earthquakes/seismology
Radio/space weather
Virtual reality/augmented reality
Drones: mapping, visualization, sensors
Networking: wireless, security, servers
Arduino
Raspberry pi
Energy monitoring/telemetry
Environmental monitoring-classrooms
Computer repair
Aeronautics
Machine learning/artificial intelligence
Animation/blender
NASA projects
Home automation
EEG/EMG biofeedback
Astronomy/astrophysics
Acoustics
SDR
VR recording-modeling
Project ideas:
wind turbines
antenna repair
OBDII sensors
astro/astrophysics-AAVSO
EQ-shakenet, swarm
EEG-emotiv
SDR/radio/space weather-sdrdx
AI/facial recognition
machine learning
VR/AR-scanning artifacts?
animation/blender
environmental monitoring/classrooms
home automation
acoustics
cybersecurity red team-blue team
energy monitoring/telemetry-skyspark EMC/mango
wifi and networking
Rπ
arduino
computer repair
aeronautics
Tools-basics:
VOM
Cat5
mac terminal
ifixit
rπ
arduino
3d printer
CNC machine
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: n7Z9u7L

ISR syllabus 2024-25
ISR Syllabus
ISR 2023-24
Independent Science Research Course Syllabus
Course Wiki:
https://elab-wiki.local/wiki/projects/isr/ISR.html
Student Weblogs:
https://elab-wiki.local/wiki
Login with your first name, last name and your password is your home zip code
Goals/Topics
Our goals in this class are to develop independent projects, present them lucidly both in person and on media, and to learn valuable elements of team research.
Class Format
Our class meets in teams and solo on class days, where we will touch base at the beginning of each class, reporting progress, updates, resources needed and team reports. Your main venue will be your weblog, which should have a daily update every time we have class, due at the end of each class
Daily weblog:
what I did 
what’s next
what do I need for my next steps
Weekly summaries are a review of your work that week including the following: (we may alter this format)
what you did this week: a reflection
major challenges and solutions
what you need to work next week
These weekly reports should be done at the end of each week, due at the end of the last class each week. Let’s discuss whether you’d like to include this in your daily reports due at the end of each class.
The format of your weblog is flexible but here is your audience: (1) me, and (2) students following your work later one, perhaps in another lab. You are expected to write in complete sentences, include graphics or screenshots where needed, and any attachments (files, programs) you might need. Think of it this way: if you were following your weblog, could you duplicate your work?
Your first weblog entry should be your project proposal, with an abstract at the top. This will be your first graded assignment.
You may also be the creator of a wiki, or set of resource pages outlining the tools and resources you are using, for example if you are using the EEG headsets, you will work on a wiki so that others can learn how to use these tools. This should include documents, links to software and hardware used, supplies and a clear set of diagrams and/or videos that someone could use to follow your awesome work.
 
Resources
You will have special access to some very advanced and often expensive tools in the monlab (short for monitoring lab). You are expected to use these with care, and abide by the acceptable use policy of the school, which says among other things that these tools are to be used only for class related activities. Since this is an advanced class with special tools, you will have access to more resources than most students. We expect you to do all of your testing and use of any skills you learn in this class for good, anything that violates the school acceptable use policy will be referred to the Dean of Discipline.
 
Expectations
Students are expected to bring their own notebooks/laptops and/or writing tools, with no exceptions. Phones are not permitted in class, except for calculator use. Any phone use during class will result in the phone being collected and turned over to the Dean of Discipline.
Reports are expected to be turned in on time, and there is no credit for late work, including weblogs. 
 
Grading
Daily weblogs account for 8 points each, the weekly summary 30 points, and quarterly project reports 100 points. All should be posted on time on the weblog.  If you are absent, make sure to create an entry for each class day, with a simple entry describing your absence, so I don't count it as a zero. See the wiki for more grading details on the class wiki above.
 
Access
The best way to reach me is before or after class, but any questions about grading has to be taken care of outside of our class time, out of respect for others in the class as well as your privacy. My email is bill@hpa.edu, and I can answer your responses up until about 7 PM most evenings.
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: 11c1i6W27

Change management
Any proposal for change must follow these steps:
Current conditions: explain what the current situation is, including issues, special circumstances or resources. This may also involve SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats).
Proposed change: explain why a change is needed to address the issues above, and what that change should be, what is needed, who, what, and when
Evaluate change: did the change solve the issues in (1) above? If not, what is needed further?
Cycle back: on a regular basis, re-evaluate the current conditions: are the same conditions present? What further changes need to be made?
The reason this is so important is many changes in organizations are done addressing an issue, with no sense of the cause and effect of past decisions.Re-evaluating any change on a regular basis forces decision makers to recognize that conditions always change, and the reasoning behind decisions.This is sometimes called "institutional memory"
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: b8u9P7r48

ISR intro
Independent Science Research Course Syllabus
Course Wiki:
https://elab-wiki.local/wiki/projects/isr/ISR.html
Student Weblogs:
https://elab-wiki.local/wiki
Login with your first name, last name and your password is your home zip code
Goals/Topics
Our goals in this class are to develop independent projects, present them lucidly both in person and on media, and to learn valuable elements of team research.
Class Format
Our class meets in teams and solo on class days, where we will touch base at the beginning of each class, reporting progress, updates, resources needed and team reports. Your main venue will be your weblog, which should have a daily update every time we have class, due at the end of each class
Daily weblog:
what I did 
what’s next
what do I need for my next steps
Weekly summaries are a review of your work that week including the following: (we may alter this format)
what you did this week: a reflection
major challenges and solutions
what you need to work next week
These weekly reports should be done at the end of each week, due at the end of the last class each week. Let’s discuss whether you’d like to include this in your daily reports due at the end of each class.
The format of your weblog is flexible but here is your audience: (1) me, and (2) students following your work later one, perhaps in another lab. You are expected to write in complete sentences, include graphics or screenshots where needed, and any attachments (files, programs) you might need. Think of it this way: if you were following your weblog, could you duplicate your work?
Your first weblog entry should be your project proposal, with an abstract at the top. This will be your first graded assignment.
You may also be the creator of a wiki, or set of resource pages outlining the tools and resources you are using, for example if you are using the EEG headsets, you will work on a wiki so that others can learn how to use these tools. This should include documents, links to software and hardware used, supplies and a clear set of diagrams and/or videos that someone could use to follow your awesome work.
Resources
You will have special access to some very advanced and often expensive tools in the monlab (short for monitoring lab). You are expected to use these with care, and abide by the acceptable use policy of the school, which says among other things that these tools are to be used only for class related activities. Since this is an advanced class with special tools, you will have access to more resources than most students. We expect you to do all of your testing and use of any skills you learn in this class for good, anything that violates the school acceptable use policy will be referred to the Dean of Discipline.
Expectations
Students are expected to bring their own notebooks/laptops and/or writing tools, with no exceptions. Phones are not permitted in class, except for calculator use. Any phone use during class will result in the phone being collected and turned over to the Dean of Discipline.
Reports are expected to be turned in on time, and there is no credit for late work, including weblogs. 
Grading (TBD)
Daily weblogs account for 8 points each, the weekly summary 30 points, and quarterly project reports 100 points. All should be posted on time on the weblog.  If you are absent, make sure to create an entry for each class day, with a simple entry describing your absence, so I don't count it as a zero. See the wiki for more grading details on the class wiki above.
Access
The best way to reach me is before or after class, but any questions about grading has to be taken care of outside of our class time, out of respect for others in the class as well as your privacy. My email is bill@hpa.edu, and I can answer your responses up until about 7 PM most evenings.
Migrated from Apple Server Wiki. Original page ID: 42V5J9W