AP exam study guide v.1
Migration
Comprehensive 2023 AP Environmental Science (APES) Study Guide
Unit 1: The Living World: Ecosystems
1.1 Introduction to ecosystems
1.2 Biogeochemical cycles
1.3 Energy flow in progressecosystems
for1.4 Primary productivity
1.5 Trophic levels
1.6 Food chains and food webs
1.7 Ecological succession
1.8 Biomes
*1.9 Impacts of human activity on ecosystems
Unit 2: The Living World: Biodiversity 2.1 Biodiversity and its importance 2.2 Species diversity 2.3 Genetic diversity 2.4 Ecosystem diversity 2.5 Evolution and natural selection *2.6 Threats to biodiversity *2.7 Conservation of biodiversity 2.8 Restoration ecology 2.9 Ecosystem services
Unit 3: Populations 3.1 Population dynamics 3.2 Population growth models 3.3 Carrying capacity 3.4 Survivorship curves 3.5 Age structure diagrams 3.6 Human population growth *3.7 Factors affecting human population growth 3.8 Demographic transition 3.9 Global population trends and projections
Unit 4: Earth Systems and Resources 4.1 Earth's layers 4.2 Plate tectonics 4.3 Soil formation and properties 4.4 Soil degradation and conservation 4.5 Earth's atmosphere 4.6 Global circulation patterns 4.7 Climate and weather 4.8 Biogeochemical cycles (detailed) *4.9 Human impact on natural systems
Unit 5: Land and Water Use 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Agricultural practices 5.3 Sustainable agriculture 5.4 Forestry 5.5 Rangelands 5.6 Urban land use *5.7 Water resources and management 5.8 Water pollution 5.9 Water conservation and treatment
Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption 6.1 Energy concepts 6.2 Energy efficiency 6.3 Renewable energy sources 6.4 Nonrenewable energy sources 6.5 Nuclear energy 6.6 Global energy consumption trends *6.7 Environmental impacts of energy production and consumption 6.8 Energy conservation strategies 6.9 Sustainable energy solutions
Unit 7: Atmospheric Pollution 7.1 Air pollution sources 7.2 Criteria air pollutants 7.3 Hazardous air pollutants 7.4 Indoor air pollution 7.5 Air pollution control measures *7.6 Stratospheric ozone depletion 7.7 Photochemical smog 7.8 Acid deposition 7.9 Air pollution and human health
Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution 8.1 Water pollution sources 8.2 Types of water pollutants 8.3 Eutrophication 8.4 Ocean pollution 8.5 Solid waste management *8.6 Hazardous waste management 8.7 Brownfields 8.8 Superfund sites 8.9 Pollution prevention and remediation
Unit 9: Global Change 9.1 Climate change 9.2 Greenhouse gases 9.3 Climate feedbacks 9.4 Impacts of climate change *9.5 Mitigation and adaptation strategies 9.6 Ozone depletion 9.7 Loss of biodiversity 9.8 Invasive species 9.9 Human-driven global changes
Note: The starred (*) topics are considered the hardest or most important, so allocate more time to studying these areas.
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