Module 07: movement of matter

~~Migration~~Module 7: Movement of MatterBiogeochemical cycles: bio=life geo = minerals chemical = chemical cycle = something that rotates
Hydrologic (water) cycle:Heat provides energy for evaporation,

Plants secrete water as transpiration,

Condensation is collection of water vapor to drops,

Precipitation is the falling of these drops as rain, snow, hail etc.

ETO evapotranspiration: amount of water moving through an ecosystem, usually plants.Farmers need to know EtO to know how much water to supply to their crops.Eto depends on sunlight, humidity, wind and temperature (think of how these impact transpiration)

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Runoff-just like it soundsYou will need to know about "transit time" which is the time it takes rain to reach a water body after hitting the groundWhy is this crucial?(you will see this mentioned in ~~progress~~the Poisoned Waters video this weekend)
Carbon cycle: photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, burial, extraction, combustionair<->water<->land

photosynthesis-CO2 to sugar (air to plant structures or fruits-e.g. corn)

respiration-sugar to CO2

acidification or exchange-HCO3 (carbonic acid) e.g. seawater changing pH, remember?

sedimentation-CaCO3 (seashells, limestone) most efficient long term carbon sink (solids are dense)burial-just like it sounds, oil, coal, nat gasextraction-mining fossil fuelscombustion-burning fossil fuels with oxygen to release CO2

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Nitrogen cycle:6 macronutrients needed by plants: N,P,K, Ca, Mg, S (sulfur becomes part of Methionine, an amino acid)NPK from fertilizersN is a limiting nutrient

N fixation is when you can't get Nitrogen off your mind

Questions:

Define N, P, K and how each impacts plants
Define evapotranspiration, condensation and precipitation
Which biogeochemical cycle only has a solid phase in the environment?
What element replaces oxygen in chemosynthesis?

It also means bringing N2 gas from the atmosphere into the biome, biotically or abiotically (without life)

abiotic: lightning or burning fossil fuels (high temps) direct to nitrate (NO3) (that interesting smell after rainstorms)

biotic: nitrogen fixing bacteria: N2 ->NO2 ->NO3 ->NH3 ->NH4 ion (used by producers, it is aqueous)

commercial N fixation: petrochemicals to form fertilizers (NH3, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, which is used in ANFO bombs)

nitrification: NH4+ ->NO2- ->NO3-nitrite kills bacteria (used in preserving meats), but nitrate is a good plant fertilizer (ANFO bombs, Beirut harbor explosion)

assimilation: producing amino acids and then proteins (chains of AA)

Dead stuff: mineralization or ammonification (dead fish smell: NH4+ and amines)

Vitamins = "vital amines"
denitrification: NO3- goes to N2O to N2 gas (anaerobic bacteria, swamps)

Leaching: washing N out of soil

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Phosphorus cycle:Mainly rocks, between land and waterONLY SOLIDS, NO LIQUID OR GAS PHASE

biotic: animals uptake PO4--- (see also phosphoric acid H3PO4), turn it into bones, teeth as CaPO4, then back to soil

abiotic: phosphate sediments in ocean-> become rocks, erosion on land dissolves into watershed

Humans: phosphate detergents, fertilizers (Dead zones)

Algal bloom: PO4 -> lots of algae on surface (light) -> these die, fall to the bottom, and as they decompose, they take all O2 from the water (hypoxia)Arsenic in bananas---why we cannot use greywater for irrigation

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Ca, Mg and K: dust (Kauai dependent on Gobi desert dust for K)

Sulfur cycle:rocks -> SO4, can become part of methionineSee also SO2 (vog, acid rain, pollution)

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Here's something interesting:Find Sulfur below:

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Ok, now find Oxygen.Hydrothermal vents use sulfur instead of oxygen for a thermal (heat) version of photosynthesis called chemosynthesis

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